The Tsimshian People of Metlakatla: Alaska’s Only Indian Reserve

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The Tsimshian People of Metlakatla: Alaska’s Only Indian Reserve

Located on Annette Island in southeastern Alaska, Metlakatla is a unique community that stands out from other Alaska Native villages. As the only Indian reserve in Alaska, established in 1887, Metlakatla has a distinct history and culture shaped by the Tsimshian people. This article delves into the history of Metlakatla, the Tsimshian culture, and the community’s modern-day self-governance and economic developments.

A Brief History of Metlakatla

Metlakatla’s story began in the late 19th century, when Father William Duncan, a Presbyterian missionary, arrived on Annette Island in 1887. Duncan, who had previously worked among the Tlingit and Haida tribes, was drawn to the Tsimshian people, who were then living in the nearby village of Taku. He recognized the potential for a self-sustaining community and worked tirelessly to establish a mission and a school. Over time, the Tsimshian people began to move to Annette Island, attracted by the promise of a stable and secure future.

Between 1887 and 1890, over 500 Tsimshian people made the journey from British Columbia to Annette Island, creating a thriving community. Duncan’s vision was to establish a community that would be free from the influences of the outside world and where the Tsimshian people could maintain their cultural traditions. This vision was realized, and Metlakatla was officially established as an Indian reserve in 1887.

Why Metlakatla is Legally Distinct from ANCSA

In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was passed, which aimed to resolve land claims and provide economic benefits to Alaska Native peoples. However, Metlakatla was exempt from this legislation due to its unique status as an Indian reserve. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which had previously recognized Metlakatla as a federally recognized tribe, protected the community’s right to self-governance and allowed it to maintain its Indian reserve status.

This distinction has significant implications for Metlakatla, as it allows the community to maintain control over its land, resources, and cultural traditions. Unlike other Alaska Native villages, which were impacted by ANCSA and may have lost control over their land and resources, Metlakatla has retained its sovereignty and continues to thrive as a self-governing community.

Tsimshian Culture

The Tsimshian people have a rich and vibrant culture, which is deeply rooted in their history and traditions. At the heart of Tsimshian society is the clan system, which is based on four main clans: the G̱aagw̱ilaan (Raven), the Lax̱g̱alts’ap (Wolf), the Lax̱g̱ibuu (Eagle), and the Ṯaap̱ (Beaver). Each clan has its own distinct identity, customs, and traditions, which are an integral part of Tsimshian culture.

“The clan system is at the heart of our culture. It’s what binds us together as a people.”

— Chief Louise Brady, Metlakatla Indian Community

Ceremonial regalia, which is an important part of Tsimshian culture, includes elaborate headdresses, masks, and costumes, often adorned with intricate carvings and beadwork. These regalia are worn during ceremonies and dances, which are an essential part of Tsimshian tradition. The button blanket, a traditional Tsimshian blanket made from wool and decorated with buttons, is a highly prized item in Tsimshian culture.

Traditional Tsimshian Arts

The Tsimshian people have a long tradition of artistic excellence, which is evident in their carving, weaving, and metalwork. Tsimshian carvers are renowned for their skill in creating intricate wooden masks and totem poles, which are often decorated with carved figures and designs. Weavers are equally skilled, creating beautiful blankets and clothing from wool and other materials. Metalworkers, meanwhile, create stunning pieces of jewelry and decorative items from copper, silver, and other metals.

The Tsimshian Longhouse Tradition

The Tsimshian longhouse tradition is an important part of the community’s cultural heritage. Longhouses, which are large, communal buildings, were traditionally used for ceremonies, gatherings, and storytelling. The longhouse is a symbol of Tsimshian hospitality and community spirit, where people come together to share food, stories, and cultural traditions.

Modern Metlakatla Community

Today, the Metlakatla Indian Community is a thriving, self-governing community with a strong focus on economic development and sustainability. The community has invested in hydroelectric power, which provides a reliable source of energy and reduces its reliance on fossil fuels. The salmon cannery, which was established in the 1930s, remains an important part of the community’s economy, providing employment and income for local residents.

The community also places a strong emphasis on education and cultural preservation, with a focus on teaching the Tsimshian language and cultural traditions to younger generations. The Metlakatla Indian Community has a rich cultural program, which includes traditional dancing, singing, and storytelling, as well as cultural camps and workshops.

Conclusion

Metlakatla is a unique and vibrant community that stands out from other Alaska Native villages. Its history, culture, and traditions are deeply rooted in the Tsimshian people’s experiences and heritage. As a self-governing community, Metlakatla has maintained its sovereignty and control over its land, resources, and cultural traditions. This article has provided a glimpse into the rich history and culture of the Tsimshian people and the community of Metlakatla.

Learn More

If you’re interested in learning more about the Tsimshian people and the community of Metlakatla, we recommend the following resources:

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